Geography of India objective type
The main land of India extends from 8°4 to 37°6 North latitude and 68°7 to 97°
25' East longitude.
According to India's total geographical extent 11% is occupied by mountains. 18%
by hills, 28% by Plateau, and 43% by plains.
According to the geological evolution from ancient to the modern. The chronology
as follows: Peninsular India Himalayas. Indo-Gangetic Plain and Thar desert.
Including the Islands its coastal boundary is 7516'.5km. The coast of the main land
extends to 6,200 km,
India is the 7th biggest country in the world according to its area which is 3,287,263
km2.
In the north of the Himalayas are located the Zaskar, Ladakh and Karakoram
ranges.
The Gulf of manner and Palk Strait Separate India from SriLanka.
Chotanagpur region is called the Ruhr of India.
The Deccan Plateau Was formed in the Cretaceous and early tertiary periods by
basic lava emanating from volcanic eruption.
The higher lands found in the upper ganga-yamuna do ad are called 'Bhur'
The Streams reappear from the Baber region to form the 'Terai'.
The riverine island Majuli in the Brahmaputra is the largest riverine island in the
world.
The main ports on the Western coast are Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, Karwar,
Mangalore and Cochin.
The Peninsular Plateau is 1,'700 km long and 1,400km broad. Its average height is
600m.
The long and narrow depressions formed by Fluvial sand and clay are called
'Ghoros'.
The Porous region made of pebbles and stones in the foot hills of the Shiwalik are
known as 'Baber'.
Siwaliks are the youngest ranges of the Himalayas. The valley of these ranges are
called 'Duns' or 'Duars'.
Himalayas have Burzil, Zojila and Thagla passes. The route between Srinagar and
Leh passes through the Zojila pass.
The International Boundary extends to 15,200 km. This boundary is longest with
respect to China.
The networks of rivers in the north of the plains jointed with the Shiwaliks are called
'Chos'.
The local name of medical slopes found in the ganga-yamuna Doab are called
'Khols'.
The lime concretions are called ‘Kankar’
In the eastern part of Kaiburn, Naga and Lushai are considered as extension of the
Himalayas.
Himalayas have Milam, Gerni, Gangotri and Siachen glaciers. Slachen' glacier is
the largest.
The height of the Himalayas according to a new survey is 8850m. It is in Nepal.
Godwin Austin or K2 is India's highest peak.
The middle or lesser Himalayas have Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges and Pir
Panjal and Banihal passes. Shimla, Mossouri, Nainital etc. are situated here.
From east to west its length is 2,933 km and from north to south its length is 3,214
km.
The northern plains are 3,200km long and between 50 to 300km broad. The
maximum depth is 2000m.
India is divided into five Physiographic units on the basis of natural division and
relief.
In Arunachal Pradesh, the Shiwallks are known as Dafla, Mishmi, Abor and Miri
hills.
It is a region of Black Soil. The black color is due to the presence of Titani ferrous
Magnetite.
Lakshadweep is a coral island and has a total of 36 islands
Despite being in the tropical zone. India possesses a monsoonal climate due to the
barrier effect of the Himalayas.
The south west monsoon occurs from June to September, it has two branches (i)
Bay of Bengal, (ii) Arabian Sea.
Norwester's or 'Kaalbaisakhi' are local winds that given rainfall in the dry season in
West Bengal. These cyclonic rainfalls are called 'Mango showers' in South.
Western Ghats or Sahayadris are 1,600km long and have an average height of 900
-1000m.The main hills found here are Nilgris. Anaimalai, Plani and Cardamon hills.
The main passes found here are Thalghat, Palghat and
Bherghat. The highest peak here is Anaimudi (2695m).
The Dharwar rocks found here have the maximum concentrations of minerals.
The older Alluvium are called 'Bhangar' and the Newer Alluvium are called 'Khadar'
or 'Bet'.
The eastern Ghats are 1 ,300km long and have an average height of 615m. from
south to north the hills are known as Nilgiris, Nallamalai, Jawadi and Sheorai hills.
The maximum average rainfall is recorded in Mawsynram in Meghalaya.
The eastern disturbances cause rainfall in the north western plains during winter.
India's Southern most point, the Indira or Pygmalion point as it was called earlier is
in the Nicobar, cluster of islands
The north east monsoon occurs from December to February. Only the coasts of
Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh receive rainfall.
Other prominent lakes are Dal Lake (Kashmir), Udaisagar, Rajsamand, Jaisamand
(Rajasthan), Loktak (Manipur), Vembanad (Kcrala), Hussain Sagar (Andhra
Pradesh).
The main ports of the eastern coast are Paradeep, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai and
Tuticorin etc.
The retreating monsoon is the retreat of South West monsoon 'by mid-September.
The coastal areas of Tamil Nadu get rainfall from this monsoon.
The highest lake of the Himalayas is Devtaal.
Kharif crops is sown in the month of July and harvested in October.
Kharif crops includes - Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Cotton, Sugarcane, Scasamum,
Soyabean, Groundnut.
Rabi crops is sown in October last and harvested in March to April.
Ravi crops includes wheat, barley, tur, mustard, rapeseed,
Oil seed crops - Groundnut, mustard, Castor, sunflower, Niger seed, Soya been.
Sugar crops - Sugarcane and beet.
Fibre crops - Jute, Mesta, cotton.
Narcotic crop - Tobacco.
Beverage crops - Tea, coffee.
Green Revolution is related with the use of HYVS.
HYVS - High Yielding Variety Seeds.
Green Revolution takes place during 1960.
White revolution is related with a sharp increase in milk production.
White revolution takes place during the year of 1964-65.
'Operation Flood' is a programmer in white Revolution.
India stands first in the world in milk production.
Dr. Varghese Kurien is the pioneer of operation flood in India.
The first paper mill was opened at Serampore in West Bengal in 1840 but it failed. A
successful mill was established at Bally in 1867.
The first woolen mill was opened in 1855 in Kanpur,
The units of Hindustan Machine Tools function at Bangalore, Pinjore (Haryana),
Kalamesari (Kerala) and Hyderabad.
The first cotton mill was opened in 1818 in fort Glocester in Calcutta. The first
modern mill was opened in Bombay in 1854.
The first cement factory was established at Madras in 1904.
The first jute mill was opened in 1855, Rishra at Calcutta.
The first silk industry was opened in 1832 at Calcutta.
The first Rayon mill was opened in Rayanpuram at Kerala in 1950.
The Heavy Engineering Corporation was set up at Ranchi in 1958.
The first fertilizer factory was started in 1938 at Belagula
The first iron and steel works was opened in Kulti in 1870. The first modern plant
was set up in Sakchi in Jamshcdpur in 1907.
The first rubber factory was established in 1920.
Mineral Production in India
Apatite: West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh
Asbestos: Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh
Barytes: , Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan
Chromite: Orissa, Maharashtra and Karnataka
Coal: Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Orissa
Bauxite: Gujarat, Orissa and Jharkhand
Lignite: Rajasthan , Tamil Nadu and Gujarat
Copper: Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Sikkim
Gold: Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
Diamond: Madhya Pradesh
Dolomite: Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh
Feldspar: Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
Graphite: Jharkhand , Orissa and Tamil Nadu
Iron Ore: Chhattisgarh, Goa, Karnataka and Jharkhand
Gypsum: Rajasthan, Gujarat and Jammu Kashmir
Magnasite: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Uttaranchal
Manganese: Orissa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
Mica: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand
Petroleum: Maharashtra, Gujarat and Assam
Natural Gas: Maharashtra, Gujarat and Assam
Silver: Gujarat and Jharkhand
Sulphur: Haryana and Gujarat
Tin: Chhattisgarh
